Cualquiera=feminine (cualquiera mujer=any woman)
I guess when you can replace "any" with "some" leaving the meaning intact, then you translate it as "alguno/a", otherwise, it's "cualquier-a". Ejemplos:
"Any suggestions?" (here, the meaning would be almost the same if you replace "any" with "some" -some suggestions?- so you translate it as "alguna"): "¿Alguna sugerencia?" (you can also say "¿Cualquiera sugerencia?")
On the other hand, "any man could do it" wouldn't mean the same if you replace "any" with "some" ("some man could do it" doesn't mean the same as the original phrase so you say "cualquier"): "Cualquier hombre puede hacerlo" (here it doesn't mean exactly the same if you say "alguno hombre puede hacerlo")
http://forum.wordreference.com/threads/cualquier-vs-alguno.662761/
cualquiera - pronoun: anybody, anyone. / adj.: any, whatever; whichever
alguno - pronoun: some, any / adv.: a few / . adj.: some, any; not ... any; one
Most of the times they are not interchangeable.
http://www.spanishdict.com/answers/154361/cualquier-vs.-algunoalguna
Ninguno/a (none, no) shortens to ningún before a masculine, singular noun. When it follows the verb, a double negative is required:
| No hay ningún problema. ¿Tenéis amigos? No tenemos ninguno. Ninguna sociedad es perfecta. | There is no problem. Do you have any friends?We have none. No society is perfect. |
Ninguno/a is never used with plural nouns (with some unimportant exceptions):
| No tienen ningún pariente = No tienen parientes. No hay ninguna dificultad = No hay dificultades. | They have no relatives. There are no difficulties. |
Alguno/a (some, any) shortens to algún before a masculine, singular noun, and varies in gender and number according to the noun it refers to: alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas:
| ¿Hay algún museo en la ciudad? Necesito un taxi. ¿Ve Ud. alguno? Algunas sociedades son muy estrictas. | Is there any museum in the city? I need a taxi. Do you see any? Some societies are very strict. |
Cualquiera (any at all) shortens to cualquier before any noun, and normally occurs in the singular:
| Llámenme si hay cualquier problema. Necesito un taxi. ¡Cualquiera! Cualquier sociedad tiene gobierno. | Call me if there are any problems. I need a taxi. Any one at all! Any society has some government. |
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